TEORI LEMPENG TEKTONIK
%3Ch1+class%3D%22firstHeading%22+id%3D%22firstHeading%22+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0ATektonika+lempeng%3C%2Fh1%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22thumb+tright%22+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22thumbinner%22+style%3D%22width%3A+352px%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Ca+class%3D%22image%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBerkas%3APlates_tect2_id.svg%22%3E%3Cimg+alt%3D%22%22+class%3D%22thumbimage%22+height%3D%22263%22+src%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2Ff%2Ffe%2FPlates_tect2_id.svg%2F350px-Plates_tect2_id.svg.png%22+width%3D%22350%22+%2F%3E%3C%2Fa%3E+%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22thumbcaption%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22magnify%22%3E%0D%0A%3Ca+class%3D%22internal%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBerkas%3APlates_tect2_id.svg%22+title%3D%22Perbesar%22%3E%3Cimg+alt%3D%22%22+height%3D%2211%22+src%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fbits.wikimedia.org%2Fskins-1.5%2Fcommon%2Fimages%2Fmagnify-clip.png%22+width%3D%2215%22+%2F%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%0D%0ALempeng-lempeng+tektonik+di+bumi+barulah+dipetakan+pada+paruh+kedua+abad+ke-20.%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Cb%3ETeori+Tektonika+Lempeng%3C%2Fb%3E+%28%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBahasa_Inggris%22+title%3D%22Bahasa+Inggris%22%3Ebahasa+Inggris%3C%2Fa%3E%3A+%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3E%3Ci%3EPlate+Tectonics%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%29+adalah+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTeori%22+title%3D%22Teori%22%3Eteori%3C%2Fa%3E+dalam+bidang+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeologi%22+title%3D%22Geologi%22%3Egeologi%3C%2Fa%3E+yang+dikembangkan+untuk+memberi+penjelasan+terhadap+adanya+bukti-bukti+pergerakan+skala+besar+yang+dilakukan+oleh+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLitosfer%22+title%3D%22Litosfer%22%3Elitosfer%3C%2Fa%3E+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBumi%22+title%3D%22Bumi%22%3Ebumi%3C%2Fa%3E.+Teori+ini+telah+mencakup+dan+juga+menggantikan+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTeori_Pergeseran_Benua%22+title%3D%22Teori+Pergeseran+Benua%22%3ETeori+Pergeseran+Benua%3C%2Fa%3E+yang+lebih+dahulu+dikemukakan+pada+paruh+pertama+abad+ke-20+dan+konsep+%3Ci%3E%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSeafloor_spreading%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Seafloor+spreading+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Eseafloor+spreading%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fi%3E+yang+dikembangkan+pada+tahun+1960-an.%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0ABagian+terluar+dari+interior+bumi+terbentuk+dari+dua+lapisan.+Di+bagian+atas+terdapat+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLitosfer%22+title%3D%22Litosfer%22%3Elitosfer%3C%2Fa%3E+yang+terdiri+atas+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKerak_bumi%22+title%3D%22Kerak+bumi%22%3Ekerak%3C%2Fa%3E+dan+bagian+teratas+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMantel_bumi%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Mantel+bumi+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Emantel+bumi%3C%2Fa%3E+yang+kaku+dan+padat.+Di+bawah+lapisan+litosfer+terdapat+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAstenosfer%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Astenosfer+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Eastenosfer%3C%2Fa%3E++yang+berbentuk+padat+tetapi+bisa+mengalir+seperti+cairan+dengan+sangat++lambat+dan+dalam+skala+waktu+geologis+yang+sangat+lama+karena+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FViskositas%22+title%3D%22Viskositas%22%3Eviskositas%3C%2Fa%3E+dan+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DKekuatan_geser%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Kekuatan+geser+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Ekekuatan+geser%3C%2Fa%3E+%28%3Ci%3Eshear+strength%3C%2Fi%3E%29++yang+rendah.+Lebih+dalam+lagi%2C+bagian+mantel+di+bawah+astenosfer++sifatnya+menjadi+lebih+kaku+lagi.+Penyebabnya+bukanlah+suhu+yang+lebih++dingin%2C+melainkan+tekanan+yang+tinggi.%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0ALapisan+litosfer+dibagi+menjadi+lempeng-lempeng+tektonik+%28%3Ci%3Etectonic+plates%3C%2Fi%3E%29.++Di+bumi%2C+terdapat+tujuh+lempeng+utama+dan+banyak+lempeng-lempeng+yang++lebih+kecil.+Lempeng-lempeng+litosfer+ini+menumpang+di+atas+astenosfer.++Mereka+bergerak+relatif+satu+dengan+yang+lainnya+di+batas-batas+lempeng%2C++baik+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBatas_divergen%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Batas+divergen+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Edivergen%3C%2Fa%3E+%28menjauh%29%2C+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBatas_konvergen%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Batas+konvergen+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Ekonvergen%3C%2Fa%3E+%28bertumbukan%29%2C+ataupun+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBatas_transform%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Batas+transform+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Etransform%3C%2Fa%3E+%28menyamping%29.+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGempa_bumi%22+title%3D%22Gempa+bumi%22%3EGempa+bumi%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVolkano%22+title%3D%22Volkano%22%3Eaktivitas+vulkanik%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+pembentukan+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGunung%22+title%3D%22Gunung%22%3Egunung%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+dan+pembentukan+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPalung%22+title%3D%22Palung%22%3Epalung+samudera%3C%2Fa%3E+semuanya+umumnya+terjadi+di+daerah+sepanjang+batas+lempeng.+Pergerakan+lateral+lempeng+lazimnya+berkecepatan+50-100+mm%2Fa.+%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-0%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-0%22%3E%5B1%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Ctable+class%3D%22toc%22+id%3D%22toc%22+style%3D%22margin-left%3A+0px%3B+margin-right%3A+0px%3B+text-align%3A+left%3B%22%3E%3Ctbody%3E%0D%0A%3Ctr%3E+%3Ctd%3E%3Cdiv+id%3D%22toctitle%22%3E%0D%0A%3Ch2%3E%0D%0ADaftar+isi%3C%2Fh2%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cul%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+class%3D%22toclevel-1+tocsection-1%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23Perkembangan_Teori%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22tocnumber%22%3E1%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22toctext%22%3EPerkembangan+Teori%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+class%3D%22toclevel-1+tocsection-2%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23Prinsip-prinsip_Utama%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22tocnumber%22%3E2%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22toctext%22%3EPrinsip-prinsip+Utama%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+class%3D%22toclevel-1+tocsection-3%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23Jenis-jenis_Batas_Lempeng%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22tocnumber%22%3E3%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22toctext%22%3EJenis-jenis+Batas+Lempeng%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+class%3D%22toclevel-1+tocsection-4%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23Kekuatan_Penggerak_Pergerakan_Lempeng%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22tocnumber%22%3E4%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22toctext%22%3EKekuatan+Penggerak+Pergerakan+Lempeng%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fa%3E+%3Cul%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+class%3D%22toclevel-2+tocsection-5%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23Gaya_Gesek%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22tocnumber%22%3E4.1%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22toctext%22%3EGaya+Gesek%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+class%3D%22toclevel-2+tocsection-6%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23Gravitasi%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22tocnumber%22%3E4.2%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22toctext%22%3EGravitasi%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+class%3D%22toclevel-2+tocsection-7%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23Gaya_dari_luar%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22tocnumber%22%3E4.3%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22toctext%22%3EGaya+dari+luar%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+class%3D%22toclevel-2+tocsection-8%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23Signifikansi_relatif_masing-masing_mekanisme%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22tocnumber%22%3E4.4%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22toctext%22%3ESignifikansi+relatif+masing-masing+mekanisme%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Ful%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+class%3D%22toclevel-1+tocsection-9%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23Lempeng-lempeng_utama%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22tocnumber%22%3E5%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22toctext%22%3ELempeng-lempeng+utama%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+class%3D%22toclevel-1+tocsection-10%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23Rujukan%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22tocnumber%22%3E6%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22toctext%22%3ERujuka%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Ful%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Ftd%3E+%3C%2Ftr%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Ftbody%3E%3C%2Ftable%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Ch2+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22editsection%22%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22mw-headline%22+id%3D%22Perkembangan_Teori%22%3EPerkembangan+Teori%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fh2%3E%0D%0A%3Ch2+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22mw-headline%22+id%3D%22Perkembangan_Teori%22%3E%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fh2%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22thumb+tright%22+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22thumbinner%22+style%3D%22width%3A+377px%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Ca+class%3D%22image%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBerkas%3ATectonic_plates_boundaries_detailed-en.svg%22%3E%3Cimg+alt%3D%22%22+class%3D%22thumbimage%22+height%3D%22189%22+src%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2Fb%2Fbf%2FTectonic_plates_boundaries_detailed-en.svg%2F375px-Tectonic_plates_boundaries_detailed-en.svg.png%22+width%3D%22375%22+%2F%3E%3C%2Fa%3E+%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22thumbcaption%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22magnify%22%3E%0D%0A%3Ca+class%3D%22internal%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBerkas%3ATectonic_plates_boundaries_detailed-en.svg%22+title%3D%22Perbesar%22%3E%3Cimg+alt%3D%22%22+height%3D%2211%22+src%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fbits.wikimedia.org%2Fskins-1.5%2Fcommon%2Fimages%2Fmagnify-clip.png%22+width%3D%2215%22+%2F%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%0D%0APeta+dengan+detail+yang+menunjukkan+lempeng-lempeng+tektonik+dan+arah+vektor+gerakannya%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0APada+akhir+abad+ke-19+dan+awal+abad+ke-20%2C+geolog+berasumsi+bahwa++kenampakan-kenampakan+utama+bumi+berkedudukan+tetap.+Kebanyakan++kenampakan+geologis+seperti+pegunungan+bisa+dijelaskan+dengan+pergerakan++vertikal+kerak+seperti+dijelaskan+dalam+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTeori_geosinklin%22+title%3D%22Teori+geosinklin%22%3Eteori+geosinklin%3C%2Fa%3E.+Sejak+tahun+1596%2C+telah+diamati+bahwa+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPantai%22+title%3D%22Pantai%22%3Epantai%3C%2Fa%3E+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSamudera_Atlantik%22+title%3D%22Samudera+Atlantik%22%3ESamudera+Atlantik%3C%2Fa%3E+yang+berhadap-hadapan+antara+benua+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAfrika%22+title%3D%22Afrika%22%3EAfrika%3C%2Fa%3E+dan+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEropa%22+title%3D%22Eropa%22%3EEropa%3C%2Fa%3E+dengan+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAmerika_Utara%22+title%3D%22Amerika+Utara%22%3EAmerika+Utara%3C%2Fa%3E+dan+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAmerika_Selatan%22+title%3D%22Amerika+Selatan%22%3EAmerika+Selatan%3C%2Fa%3E+memiliki+kemiripan+bentuk+dan+nampaknya+pernah+menjadi+satu.+Ketepatan+ini+akan+semakin+jelas+jika+kita+melihat+tepi-tepi+dari+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPaparan_benua%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Paparan+benua+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Epaparan+benua%3C%2Fa%3E+di+sana.%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-1%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-1%22%3E%5B2%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E++Sejak+saat+itu+banyak+teori+telah+dikemukakan+untuk+menjelaskan+hal++ini%2C+tetapi+semuanya+menemui+jalan+buntu+karena+asumsi+bahwa+bumi+adalah++sepenuhnya+padat+menyulitkan+penemuan+penjelasan+yang+sesuai.%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-Frankel_2-0%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-Frankel-2%22%3E%5B3%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0APenemuan+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRadium%22+title%3D%22Radium%22%3Eradium%3C%2Fa%3E+dan+sifat-sifat+pemanasnya+pada+tahun+1896+mendorong+pengkajian+ulang+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DUmur_bumi%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Umur+bumi+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Eumur+bumi%3C%2Fa%3E%2C%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-3%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-3%22%3E%5B4%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3Ekarena+sebelumnya+perkiraan+didapatkan+dari+laju+pendinginannya+dan+dengan+asumsi+permukaan+bumi+beradiasi+seperti+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBenda_hitam%22+title%3D%22Benda+hitam%22%3Ebenda+hitam%3C%2Fa%3E.%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-4%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-4%22%3E%5B5%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E+Dari+perhitungan+tersebut+dapat+disimpulkan+bahwa+bahkan+jika+pada+awalnya+bumi+adalah+sebuah+benda+yang+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMerah-pijar%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Merah-pijar+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Emerah-pijar%3C%2Fa%3E%2C++suhu+Bumi+akan+menurun+menjadi+seperti+sekarang+dalam+beberapa+puluh++juta+tahun.+Dengan+adanya+sumber+panas+yang+baru+ditemukan+ini+maka+para++ilmuwan+menganggap+masuk+akal+bahwa+Bumi+sebenarnya+jauh+lebih+tua+dan++intinya+masih+cukup+panas+untuk+berada+dalam+keadaan+cair.%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0ATeori+Tektonik+Lempeng+berasal+dari+Hipotesis+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPergeseran_Benua%22+title%3D%22Pergeseran+Benua%22%3EPergeseran+Benua%3C%2Fa%3E+%28%3Ci%3Econtinental+drift%3C%2Fi%3E%29+yang+dikemukakan+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlfred_Wegener%22+title%3D%22Alfred+Wegener%22%3EAlfred+Wegener%3C%2Fa%3E+tahun+1912.%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-5%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-5%22%3E%5B6%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E+dan+dikembangkan+lagi+dalam+bukunya+%3Ci%3EThe+Origin+of+Continents+and+Oceans%3C%2Fi%3E++terbitan+tahun+1915.+Ia+mengemukakan+bahwa+benua-benua+yang+sekarang++ada+dulu+adalah+satu+bentang+muka+yang+bergerak+menjauh+sehingga++melepaskan+benua-benua+tersebut+dari+inti+bumi+seperti+%27bongkahan+es%27++dari+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGranit%22+title%3D%22Granit%22%3Egranit%3C%2Fa%3E+yang+bermassa+jenis+rendah+yang+mengambang+di+atas+lautan+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBasal%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Basal+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Ebasal%3C%2Fa%3E+yang+lebih+padat.%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-6%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-6%22%3E%5B7%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-7%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-7%22%3E%5B8%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E++Namun%2C+tanpa+adanya+bukti+terperinci+dan+perhitungan+gaya-gaya+yang++dilibatkan%2C+teori+ini+dipinggirkan.+Mungkin+saja+bumi+memiliki+kerak++yang+padat+dan+inti+yang+cair%2C+tetapi+tampaknya+tetap+saja+tidak+mungkin++bahwa+bagian-bagian+kerak+tersebut+dapat+bergerak-gerak.+Di+kemudian++hari%2C+dibuktikanlah+teori+yang+dikemukakan+geolog+Inggris+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DArthur_Holmes%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Arthur+Holmes+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3EArthur+Holmes%3C%2Fa%3E++tahun+1920+bahwa+tautan+bagian-bagian+kerak+ini+kemungkinan+ada+di++bawah+laut.+Terbukti+juga+teorinya+bahwa+arus+konveksi+di+dalam+mantel++bumi+adalah+kekuatan+penggeraknya.%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-8%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-8%22%3E%5B9%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-9%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-9%22%3E%5B10%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-Frankel_2-1%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-Frankel-2%22%3E%5B3%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0ABukti+pertama+bahwa+lempeng-lempeng+itu+memang+mengalami+pergerakan+didapatkan+dari+penemuan+perbedaan+arah+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMedan_magnet%22+title%3D%22Medan+magnet%22%3Emedan+magnet%3C%2Fa%3E++dalam+batuan-batuan+yang+berbeda+usianya.+Penemuan+ini+dinyatakan++pertama+kali+pada+sebuah+simposium+di+Tasmania+tahun+1956.+Mula-mula%2C++penemuan+ini+dimasukkan+ke+dalam+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftd.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-10%22%3itle%3DTeori_ekspansi_bumi%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Teori+ekspansi+bumi+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Eteori+ekspansi+bumi%3C%2Fa%3E+%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-10%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2FiE%5B11%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+namun+selanjutnya+justeru+lebih+mengarah+ke+pengembangan+teori+tektonik+lempeng+yang+menjelaskan+pemekaran+%28%3Ci%3Espreading%3C%2Fi%3E%29+sebagai+konsekuensi+pergerakan+vertikal+%28%3Ci%3Eupwelling%3C%2Fi%3E%29+batuan%2C+tetapi+menghindarkan+keharusan+adanya+bumi+yang+ukurannya+terus+membesar+atau+berekspansi+%28%3Ci%3Eexpanding+earth%3C%2Fi%3E%29+dengan+memasukkan+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FZona_subduksi%22+title%3D%22Zona+subduksi%22%3Ezona+subduksi%3C%2Fa%3E%2Fhunjaman+%28%3Ci%3Esubduction+zone%3C%2Fi%3E%29%2C+dan+sesar+translasi+%28%3Ci%3Etranslation+fault%3C%2Fi%3E%29.++Pada+waktu+itulah+teori+tektonik+lempeng+berubah+dari+sebuah+teori+yang++radikal+menjadi+teori+yang+umum+dipakai+dan+kemudian+diterima+secara++luas+di+kalangan+ilmuwan.+Penelitian+lebih+lanjut+tentang+hubungan++antara+%3Ci%3E%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSeafloor_spreading%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Seafloor+spreading+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Eseafloor+spreading%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fi%3E+dan+balikan+medan+magnet+bumi+%28%3Ci%3E%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DGeomagnetic_reversal%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Geomagnetic+reversal+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Egeomagnetic+reversal%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%29+oleh+geolog+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHarry_Hammond_Hess%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Harry+Hammond+Hess+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3EHarry+Hammond+Hess%3C%2Fa%3E+dan+oseanograf+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DRon_G._Mason%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Ron+G.+Mason+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3ERon+G.+Mason%3C%2Fa%3E%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-11%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-11%22%3E%5B12%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-12%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-12%22%3E%5B13%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-13%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-13%22%3E%5B14%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-14%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-14%22%3E%5B15%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3Emenunjukkan+dengan+tepat+mekanisme+yang+menjelaskan+pergerakan+vertikal+batuan+yang+baru%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0ASeiring+dengan+diterimanya+anomali+magnetik+bumi+yang+ditunjukkan++dengan+lajur-lajur+sejajar+yang+simetris+dengan+magnetisasi+yang+sama+di++dasar+laut+pada+kedua+sisi+%3Ci%3E%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMid-oceanic_ridge%22+title%3D%22Mid-oceanic+ridge%22%3Emid-oceanic+ridge%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%2C+tektonik+lempeng+menjadi+diterima+secara+luas.+Kemajuan+pesat+dalam+teknik+pencitraan+seismik+mula-mula+di+dalam+dan+sekitar+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DZona_Wadati-Benioff%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Zona+Wadati-Benioff+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Ezona+Wadati-Benioff%3C%2Fa%3E++dan+beragam+observasi+geologis+lainnya+tak+lama+kemudian+mengukuhkan++tektonik+lempeng+sebagai+teori+yang+memiliki+kemampuan+yang+luar+biasa++dalam+segi+penjelasan+dan+prediksi.%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0APenelitian+tentang+dasar+laut+dalam%2C+sebuah+cabang+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeologi_kelautan%22+title%3D%22Geologi+kelautan%22%3Egeologi+kelautan%3C%2Fa%3E++yang+berkembang+pesat+pada+tahun+1960-an+memegang+peranan+penting+dalam++pengembangan+teori+ini.+Sejalan+dengan+itu%2C+teori+tektonik+lempeng+juga++dikembangkan+pada+akhir+1960-an+dan+telah+diterima+secara+cukup++universal+di+semua+disiplin+ilmu%2C+sekaligus+juga+membaharui+dunia+ilmu++bumi+dengan+memberi+penjelasan+bagi+berbagai+macam+fenomena+geologis+dan++juga+implikasinya+di+dalam+bidang+lain+seperti+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPaleogeografi%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Paleogeografi+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Epaleogeografi%3C%2Fa%3E+dan+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPaleobiologi%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Paleobiologi+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Epaleobiologi%3C%2Fa%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Ch2+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22mw-headline%22+id%3D%22Prinsip-prinsip_Utama%22%3EPrinsip-prinsip+Utama%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fh2%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0ABagian+luar+interior+bumi+dibagi+menjadi+litosfer+dan+astenosfer++berdasarkan+perbedaan+mekanis+dan+cara+terjadinya+perpindahan+panas.++Litosfer+lebih+dingin+dan+kaku%2C+sedangkan+astenosfer+lebih+panas+dan++secara+mekanik+lemah.+Selain+itu%2C+litosfer+kehilangan+panasnya+melalui++proses+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKonduksi%22+title%3D%22Konduksi%22%3Ekonduksi%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+sedangkan+astenosfer+juga+memindahkan+panas+melalui+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DKonveksi%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Konveksi+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Ekonveksi%3C%2Fa%3E++dan+memiliki+gradien+suhu+yang+hampir+adiabatik.+Pembagian+ini+sangat++berbeda+dengan+pembagian+bumi+secara+kimia+menjadi+inti%2C+mantel%2C+dan++kerak.+Litosfer+sendiri+mencakup+kerak+dan+juga+sebagian+dari+mantel.++Suatu+bagian+mantel+bisa+saja+menjadi+bagian+dari+litosfer+atau++astenosfer+pada+waktu+yang+berbeda%2C+tergantung+dari+suhu%2C+tekanan%2C+dan++kekuatan+gesernya.+Prinsip+kunci+tektonik+lempeng+adalah+bahwa+litosfer++terpisah+menjadi+lempeng-lempeng+tektonik+yang+berbeda-beda.+Lempeng+ini++bergerak+menumpang+di+atas+astenosfer+yang+mempunyai+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DViskoelastisitas%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Viskoelastisitas+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Eviskoelastisitas%3C%2Fa%3E+sehingga+bersifat+seperti+fluida.+Pergerakan+lempeng+biasanya+bisa+mencapai+10-40+mm%2Fa+%28secepat+pertumbuhan+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKuku%22+title%3D%22Kuku%22%3Ekuku%3C%2Fa%3E+jari%29+seperti+di+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMid-Atlantic_Ridge%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Mid-Atlantic+Ridge+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3EMid-Atlantic+Ridge%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+ataupun+mencapai+160+mm%2Fa+%28secepat+pertumbuhan+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRambut%22+title%3D%22Rambut%22%3Erambut%3C%2Fa%3E%29+seperti+di+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLempeng_Nazca%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Lempeng+Nazca+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3ELempeng+Nazca%3C%2Fa%3E.%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-15%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-15%22%3E%5B16%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-16%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-16%22%3E%5B17%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E++Lempeng-lempeng+ini+tebalnya+sekitar+100+km+dan+terdiri+atas+mantel++litosferik+yang+di+atasnya+dilapisi+dengan+hamparan+salah+satu+dari+dua++jenis+material+kerak.+Yang+pertama+adalah+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKerak_samudera%22+title%3D%22Kerak+samudera%22%3Ekerak+samudera%3C%2Fa%3E+atau+yang+sering+disebut+dengan+%22sima%22%2C+gabungan+dari+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSilikon%22+title%3D%22Silikon%22%3Esilikon%3C%2Fa%3E+dan+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMagnesium%22+title%3D%22Magnesium%22%3Emagnesium%3C%2Fa%3E.+Jenis+yang+kedua+yaitu+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DKerak_benua%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Kerak+benua+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Ekerak+benua%3C%2Fa%3E+yang+sering+disebut+%22sial%22%2C+gabungan+dari+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSilikon%22+title%3D%22Silikon%22%3Esilikon%3C%2Fa%3E+dan+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAluminium%22+title%3D%22Aluminium%22%3Ealuminium%3C%2Fa%3E.++Kedua+jenis+kerak+ini+berbeda+dari+segi+ketebalan+di+mana+kerak+benua++memiliki+ketebalan+yang+jauh+lebih+tinggi+dibandingkan+dengan+kerak++samudera.+Ketebalan+kerak+benua+mencapai+30-50+km+sedangkan+kerak++samudera+hanya+5-10+km.%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0ADua+lempeng+akan+bertemu+di+sepanjang+batas+lempeng+%28%3Ci%3Eplate+boundary%3C%2Fi%3E%29%2C+yaitu+daerah+di+mana+aktivitas+geologis+umumnya+terjadi+seperti+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGempa_bumi%22+title%3D%22Gempa+bumi%22%3Egempa+bumi%3C%2Fa%3E+dan+pembentukan+kenampakan+topografis+seperti+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGunung%22+title%3D%22Gunung%22%3Egunung%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGunung_berapi%22+title%3D%22Gunung+berapi%22%3Egunung+berapi%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+dan+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPalung%22+title%3D%22Palung%22%3Epalung+samudera%3C%2Fa%3E.+Kebanyakan+gunung+berapi+yang+aktif+di+dunia+berada+di+atas+batas+lempeng%2C+seperti+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCincin_Api_Pasifik%22+title%3D%22Cincin+Api+Pasifik%22%3ECincin+Api+Pasifik%3C%2Fa%3E+%28%3Ci%3EPacific+Ring+of+Fire%3C%2Fi%3E%29+di+Lempeng+Pasifik+yang+paling+aktif+dan+dikenal+luas.%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0ALempeng+tektonik+bisa+merupakan+kerak+benua+atau+samudera%2C+tetapi+biasanya+satu+lempeng+terdiri+atas+keduanya.+Misalnya%2C+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLempeng_Afrika%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Lempeng+Afrika+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3ELempeng+Afrika%3C%2Fa%3E++mencakup+benua+itu+sendiri+dan+sebagian+dasar+Samudera+Atlantik+dan++Hindia.+Perbedaan+antara+kerak+benua+dan+samudera+ialah+berdasarkan++kepadatan+material+pembentuknya.+Kerak+samudera+lebih+padat+daripada++kerak+benua+dikarenakan+perbedaan+perbandingan+jumlah+berbagai+elemen%2C++khususnya+silikon.+Kerak+samudera+lebih+padat+karena+komposisinya+yang++mengandung+lebih+sedikit+silikon+dan+lebih+banyak+materi+yang+berat.++Dalam+hal+ini%2C+kerak+samudera+dikatakan+lebih+bersifat+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMafik%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Mafik+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Emafik%3C%2Fa%3E+ketimbang+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFelsik%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Felsik+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Efelsik%3C%2Fa%3E.%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-newgeo_17-0%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-newgeo-17%22%3E%5B18%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E+Maka%2C+kerak+samudera+umumnya+berada+di+bawah+permukaan+laut+seperti+sebagian+besar+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLempeng_Pasifik%22+title%3D%22Lempeng+Pasifik%22%3ELempeng+Pasifik%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+sedangkan+kerak+benua+timbul+ke+atas+permukaan+laut%2C+mengikuti+sebuah+prinsip+yang+dikenal+dengan+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DIsostasi%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Isostasi+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Eisostasi%3C%2Fa%3E.%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Ch2+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22editsection%22%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22mw-headline%22+id%3D%22Jenis-jenis_Batas_Lempeng%22%3EJenis-jenis+Batas+Lempeng%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fh2%3E%0D%0A%3Ch2+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22mw-headline%22+id%3D%22Jenis-jenis_Batas_Lempeng%22%3E%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fh2%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22thumb+tright%22+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22thumbinner%22+style%3D%22width%3A+352px%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Ca+class%3D%22image%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBerkas%3ATectonic_plate_boundaries.png%22%3E%3Cimg+alt%3D%22%22+class%3D%22thumbimage%22+height%3D%22194%22+src%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F4%2F40%2FTectonic_plate_boundaries.png%2F350px-Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png%22+width%3D%22350%22+%2F%3E%3C%2Fa%3E+%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22thumbcaption%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22magnify%22%3E%0D%0A%3Ca+class%3D%22internal%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBerkas%3ATectonic_plate_boundaries.png%22+title%3D%22Perbesar%22%3E%3Cimg+alt%3D%22%22+height%3D%2211%22+src%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fbits.wikimedia.org%2Fskins-1.5%2Fcommon%2Fimages%2Fmagnify-clip.png%22+width%3D%2215%22+%2F%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%0D%0ATiga+jenis+batas+lempeng+%28%3Ci%3Eplate+boundary%3C%2Fi%3E%29.%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0AAda+tiga+jenis+batas+lempeng+yang+berbeda+dari+cara+lempengan++tersebut+bergerak+relatif+terhadap+satu+sama+lain.+Tiga+jenis+ini++masing-masing+berhubungan+dengan+fenomena+yang+berbeda+di+permukaan.++Tiga+jenis+batas+lempeng+tersebut+adalah%3A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Col+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3E%3Cb%3EBatas+transform+%28%3Ci%3Etransform+boundaries%3C%2Fi%3E%29%3C%2Fb%3E+terjadi+jika+lempeng+bergerak+dan+mengalami+gesekan+satu+sama+lain+secara+menyamping+di+sepanjang+sesar+transform+%28%3Ci%3E%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTransform_fault%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Transform+fault+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Etransform+fault%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%29.++Gerakan+relatif+kedua+lempeng+bisa+sinistral+%28ke+kiri+di+sisi+yang++berlawanan+dengan+pengamat%29+ataupun+dekstral+%28ke+kanan+di+sisi+yang++berlawanan+dengan+pengamat%29.+Contoh+sesar+jenis+ini+adalah+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSesar_San_Andreas%22+title%3D%22Sesar+San+Andreas%22%3ESesar+San+Andreas%3C%2Fa%3E+di+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCalifornia%22+title%3D%22California%22%3ECalifornia%3C%2Fa%3E.%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3E%3Cb%3EBatas+divergen%2Fkonstruktif+%28%3Ci%3Edivergent%2Fconstructive+boundaries%3C%2Fi%3E%29%3C%2Fb%3E+terjadi+ketika+dua+lempeng+bergerak+menjauh+satu+sama+lain.+%3Ci%3E%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMid-oceanic_ridge%22+title%3D%22Mid-oceanic+ridge%22%3EMid-oceanic+ridge%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fi%3E+dan+zona+retakan+%28%3Ci%3Erifting%3C%2Fi%3E%29+yang+aktif+adalah+contoh+batas+divergen%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3E%3Cb%3EBatas+konvergen%2Fdestruktif+%28%3Ci%3Econvergent%2Fdestructive+boundaries%3C%2Fi%3E%29%3C%2Fb%3E+terjadi+jika+dua+lempeng+bergesekan+mendekati+satu+sama+lain+sehingga+membentuk+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FZona_subduksi%22+title%3D%22Zona+subduksi%22%3Ezona+subduksi%3C%2Fa%3E+jika+salah+satu+lempeng+bergerak+di+bawah+yang+lain%2C+atau+tabrakan+benua+%28%3Ci%3E%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DContinental_collision%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Continental+collision+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Econtinental+collision%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%29++jika+kedua+lempeng+mengandung+kerak+benua.+Palung+laut+yang+dalam++biasanya+berada+di+zona+subduksi%2C+di+mana+potongan+lempeng+yang++terhunjam+mengandung+banyak+bersifat+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHidrat%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Hidrat+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Ehidrat%3C%2Fa%3E++%28mengandung+air%29%2C+sehingga+kandungan+air+ini+dilepaskan+saat+pemanasan++terjadi+bercampur+dengan+mantel+dan+menyebabkan+pencairan+sehingga++menyebabkan+aktivitas+vulkanik.+Contoh+kasus+ini+dapat+kita+lihat+di+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPegunungan_Andes%22+title%3D%22Pegunungan+Andes%22%3EPegunungan+Andes%3C%2Fa%3E+di+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAmerika_Selatan%22+title%3D%22Amerika+Selatan%22%3EAmerika+Selatan%3C%2Fa%3E+dan+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBusur_pulau%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Busur+pulau+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Ebusur+pulau%3C%2Fa%3E+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJepang%22+title%3D%22Jepang%22%3EJepang%3C%2Fa%3E+%28%3Ci%3EJapanese+island+arc%3C%2Fi%3E%29.%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fol%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3Col+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%3C%2Fol%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Ch2+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22editsection%22%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22mw-headline%22+id%3D%22Kekuatan_Penggerak_Pergerakan_Lempeng%22%3EKekuatan+Penggerak+Pergerakan+Lempeng%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fh2%3E%0D%0A%3Ch2+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22mw-headline%22+id%3D%22Kekuatan_Penggerak_Pergerakan_Lempeng%22%3E%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fh2%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0APergerakan+lempeng+tektonik+bisa+terjadi+karena+kepadatan+relatif++litosfer+samudera+dan+karakter+astenosfer+yang+relatif+lemah.+Pelepasan++panas+dari+mantel+telah+didapati+sebagai+sumber+asli+dari+energi+yang++menggerakkan+tektonik+lempeng.+Pandangan+yang+disetujui+sekarang%2C++meskipun+masih+cukup+diperdebatkan%2C+adalah+bahwa+kelebihan+kepadatan++litosfer+samudera+yang+membuatnya+menyusup+ke+bawah+di+zona+subduksi++adalah+sumber+terkuat+pergerakan+lempeng.+Pada+waktu+pembentukannya+di+%3Ci%3Emid+ocean+ridge%3C%2Fi%3E%2C++litosfer+samudera+pada+mulanya+memiliki+kepadatan+yang+lebih+rendah++dari+astenosfer+di+sekitarnya%2C+tetapi+kepadatan+ini+meningkat+seiring++dengan+penuaan+karena+terjadinya+pendinginan+dan+penebalan.+Besarnya++kepadatan+litosfer+yang+lama+relatif+terhadap+astenosfer+di+bawahnya++memungkinkan+terjadinya+penyusupan+ke+mantel+yang+dalam+di+zona+subduksi++sehingga+menjadi+sumber+sebagian+besar+kekuatan+penggerak+pergerakan++lempeng.+Kelemahan+astenosfer+memungkinkan+lempeng+untuk+bergerak+secara++mudah+menuju+ke+arah+zona+subduksi+%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-18%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-18%22%3E%5B19%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E++Meskipun+subduksi+dipercaya+sebagai+kekuatan+terkuat+penggerak++pergerakan+lempeng%2C+masih+ada+gaya+penggerak+lain+yang+dibuktikan+dengan++adanya+lempeng+seperti+lempeng+Amerika+Utara%2C+juga+lempeng+Eurasia+yang++bergerak+tetapi+tidak+mengalami+subduksi+di+manapun.+Sumber+penggerak++ini+masih+menjadi+topik+penelitian+intensif+dan+diskusi+di+kalangan++ilmuwan+ilmu+bumi.+Pencitraan+dua+dan+tiga+dimensi+interior+bumi+%28%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTomografi_seismik%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Tomografi+seismik+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Etomografi+seismik%3C%2Fa%3E%29++menunjukkan+adanya+distribusi+kepadatan+yang+heterogen+secara+lateral++di+seluruh+mantel.+Variasi+dalam+kepadatan+ini+bisa+bersifat+material++%28dari+kimia+batuan%29%2C+mineral+%28dari+variasi+struktur+mineral%29%2C+atau++termal+%28melalui+ekspansi+dan+kontraksi+termal+dari+energi+panas%29.++Manifestasi+dari+keheterogenan+kepadatan+secara+lateral+adalah+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DKonveksi_mantel%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Konveksi+mantel+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3Ekonveksi+mantel%3C%2Fa%3E+dari+gaya+apung+%28%3Ci%3Ebuoyancy+forces%3C%2Fi%3E%29+%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-19%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-19%22%3E%5B20%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E++Bagaimana+konveksi+mantel+berhubungan+secara+langsung+dan+tidak+dengan++pergerakan+planet+masih+menjadi+bidang+yang+sedang+dipelajari+dan++dibincangkan+dalam+geodinamika.+Dengan+satu+atau+lain+cara%2C+energi+ini++harus+dipindahkan+ke+litosfer+supaya+lempeng+tektonik+bisa+bergerak.+Ada++dua+jenis+gaya+yang+utama+dalam+pengaruhnya+ke+pergerakan+planet%2C+yaitu++%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGaya_gesek%22+title%3D%22Gaya+gesek%22%3Efriksi%3C%2Fa%3E+dan+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGravitasi%22+title%3D%22Gravitasi%22%3Egravitasi%3C%2Fa%3E.%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Ch3+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22editsection%22%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22mw-headline%22+id%3D%22Gaya_Gesek%22%3EGaya+Gesek%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fh3%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdl+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdt%3E%3Cb%3EBasal+drag%3C%2Fb%3E%3C%2Fdt%3E%0D%0A%3Cdt%3E%3Cb%3E%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fb%3E%3C%2Fdt%3E%0D%0A%3Cdd%3EArus+konveksi+berskala+besar+di+mantel+atas+disalurkan+melalui++astenosfer%2C+sehingga+pergerakan+didorong+oleh+gesekan+antara+astenosfer++dan+litosfer.%0D%0A%3C%2Fdd%3E%0D%0A%3Cdt%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ci%3ESlab+suction%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fb%3E%3C%2Fdt%3E%0D%0A%3Cdt%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ci%3E%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fb%3E%3C%2Fdt%3E%0D%0A%3Cdd%3EArus+konveksi+lokal+memberikan+tarikan+ke+bawah+pada+lempeng+di+zona+subduksi+di+palung+samudera.+Penyerotan+lempengan+%28%3Ci%3Eslab+suction%3C%2Fi%3E%29++ini+bisa+terjadi+dalam+kondisi+geodinamik+di+mana+tarikan+basal+terus++bekerja+pada+lempeng+ini+pada+saat+ia+masuk+ke+dalam+mantel%2C+meskipun++sebetulnya+tarikan+lebih+banyak+bekerja+pada+kedua+sisi+lempengan%2C+atas++dan+bawah%3C%2Fdd%3E%3C%2Fdl%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Ch3+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22editsection%22%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22mw-headline%22+id%3D%22Gravitasi%22%3EGravitasi%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fh3%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdl+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%3Cdd%3ERuntuhan+gravitasi%3A+Pergerakan+lempeng+terjadi+karena+lebih+tingginya+lempeng+di+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMid-Oceanic_Ridge%22+title%3D%22Mid-Oceanic+Ridge%22%3E%3Ci%3Eoceanic+ridge%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fa%3E.++Litosfer+samudera+yang+dingin+menjadi+lebih+padat+daripada+mantel+panas++yang+merupakan+sumbernya%2C+maka+dengan+ketebalan+yang+semakin+meningkat++lempeng+ini+tenggelam+ke+dalam+mantel+untuk+mengkompensasikan+beratnya%2C++menghasilkan+sedikit+inklinasi+lateral+proporsional+dengan+jarak+dari++sumbu+ini.%26nbsp%3B%3ADalam+teks-teks+geologi+pada+pendidikan+dasar%2C+proses+ini++sering+disebut+sebagai+sebuah+doronga.+Namun%2C+sebenarnya+sebutan+yang++lebih+tepat+adalah+runtuhan+karena+topografi+sebuah+lempeng+bisa+jadi++sangat+berbeda-beda+dan+topografi+pematang+%28%3Ci%3Eridge%3C%2Fi%3E%29+yang+melakukan++pemekaran+hanyalah+fitur+yang+paling+dominan.+Sebagai+contoh%2C++pembengkakan+litosfer+sebelum+ia+turun+ke+bawah+lempeng+yang++bersebelahan+menghasilkan+kenampakan+yang+bisa+mempengaruhi+topografi.++Lalu%2C+%3Ci%3Emantel+plume%3C%2Fi%3E+yang+menekan+sisi+bawah+lempeng+tektonik+bisa+juga+mengubah+topografi+dasar+samudera.%0D%0A%3C%2Fdd%3E%0D%0A%3Cdt%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ci%3ESlab-pull%3C%2Fi%3E+%28tarikan+lempengan%29%3C%2Fb%3E%3C%2Fdt%3E%0D%0A%3Cdt%3E%3Cb%3E%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fb%3E%3C%2Fdt%3E%0D%0A%3Cdd%3EPergerakan+lempeng+sebagian+disebabkan+juga+oleh+berat+lempeng+yang+dingin+dan+padat+yang+turun+ke+mantel+di+palung+samudera.%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-20%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-20%22%3E%5B21%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E+Ada+bukti+yang+cukup+banyak+bahwa+konveksi+juga+terjadi+di+mantel+dengan+skala+cukup+besar.+Pergerakan+ke+atas+materi+di+%3Ci%3Emid-oceanic+ridge%3C%2Fi%3E++mungkin+sekali+adalah+bagian+dari+konveksi+ini.+Beberapa+model+awal++Tektonik+Lempeng+menggambarkan+bahwa+lempeng-lempeng+ini+menumpang+di++atas+sel-sel+seperti+ban+berjalan.+Namun%2C+kebanyakan+ilmuwan+sekarang++percaya+bahwa+astenosfer+tidaklah+cukup+kuat+untuk+secara+langsung++menyebabkan+pergerakan+oleh+gesekan+gaya-gaya+itu.+%3Ci%3ESlab+pull%3C%2Fi%3E++sendiri+sangat+mungkin+menjadi+gaya+terbesar+yang+bekerja+pada+lempeng.++Model+yang+lebih+baru+juga+memberi+peranan+yang+penting+pada+penyerotan+%28%3Ci%3Esuction%3C%2Fi%3E%29+di+palung%2C+tetapi+lempeng+seperti+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLempeng_Amerika_Utara%22+title%3D%22Lempeng+Amerika+Utara%22%3ELempeng+Amerika+Utara%3C%2Fa%3E++tidak+mengalami+subduksi+di+manapun+juga%2C+tetapi+juga+mengalami++pergerakan+seperti+juga+Lempeng+Afrika%2C+Eurasia%2C+dan+Antarktika.++Kekuatan+penggerak+utama+untuk+pergerakan+lempeng+dan+sumber+energinya++itu+sendiri+masih+menjadi+bahan+riset+yang+sedang+berlangsung%0D%0A%3C%2Fdd%3E%3C%2Fdl%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Ch3+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22editsection%22%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22mw-headline%22+id%3D%22Gaya_dari_luar%22%3EGaya+dari+luar%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fh3%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0ADalam+studi+yang+dipublikasikan+pada+edisi+Januari-Februari+2006+dari+buletin+%3Ci%3EGeological+Society+of+America+Bulletin%3C%2Fi%3E%2C++sebuah+tim+ilmuwan+dari+Italia+dan+Amerika+Serikat+berpendapat+bahwa++komponen+lempeng+yang+mengarah+ke+barat+berasal+dari+rotasi+Bumi+dan++gesekan+pasang+bulan+yang+mengikutinya.+Mereka+berkata+karena+Bumi++berputar+ke+timur+di+bawah+bulan%2C+gravitasi+bulan+meskipun+sangat+kecil++menarik+lapisan+permuikaan+bumi+kembali+ke+barat.+Beberapa+juga++mengemukakan+ide+kontroversial+bahwa+hasil+ini+mungkin+juga+menjelaskan++mengapa+Venus+dan+Mars+tidak+memiliki+lempeng+tektonik%2C+yaitu+karena++ketiadaan+bulan+di+Venus+dan+kecilnya+ukuran+bulan+Mars+untuk+memberi++efek+seperti+pasang+di+bumi.%3Csup+class%3D%22reference%22+id%3D%22cite_ref-21%22%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_note-21%22%3E%5B22%5D%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E++Pemikiran+ini+sendiri+sebetulnya+tidaklah+baru.+Hal+ini+sendiri+aslinya++dikemukakan+oleh+bapak+dari+hipotesis+ini+sendiri%2C+Alfred+Wegener%2C+dan++kemudian+ditentang+fisikawan+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHarold_Jeffreys%22+title%3D%22Harold+Jeffreys%22%3EHarold+Jeffreys%3C%2Fa%3E++yang+menghitung+bahwa+besarnya+gaya+gesek+oasang+yang+diperlukan+akan++dengan+cepat+membawa+rotasi+bumi+untuk+berhenti+sejak+waktu+lama.+Banyak++lempeng+juga+bergerak+ke+utara+dan+barat%2C+bahkan+banyaknya+pergerakan++ke+barat+dasar+Samudera+Pasifik+adalah+jika+dilihat+dari+sudut+pandang++pusat+pemekaran+%28%3Ci%3Espreading%3C%2Fi%3E%29+di+Samudera+Pasifik+yang+mengarah+ke++timur.+Dikatakan+juga+bahwa+relatif+dengan+mantel+bawah%2C+ada+sedikit++komponen+yang+mengarah+ke+barat+pada+pergerakan+semua+lempeng%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Ch3+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22editsection%22%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22mw-headline%22+id%3D%22Signifikansi_relatif_masing-masing_mekanisme%22%3ESignifikansi+relatif+masing-masing+mekanisme%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fh3%3E%0D%0A%3Ch3+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22mw-headline%22+id%3D%22Signifikansi_relatif_masing-masing_mekanisme%22%3E%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fh3%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22thumb+tright%22+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22thumbinner%22+style%3D%22width%3A+352px%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Ca+class%3D%22image%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBerkas%3AGlobal_plate_motion_2008-04-17.jpg%22%3E%3Cimg+alt%3D%22%22+class%3D%22thumbimage%22+height%3D%22248%22+src%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F7%2F7c%2FGlobal_plate_motion_2008-04-17.jpg%2F350px-Global_plate_motion_2008-04-17.jpg%22+width%3D%22350%22+%2F%3E%3C%2Fa%3E+%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22thumbcaption%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22magnify%22%3E%0D%0A%3Ca+class%3D%22internal%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBerkas%3AGlobal_plate_motion_2008-04-17.jpg%22+title%3D%22Perbesar%22%3E%3Cimg+alt%3D%22%22+height%3D%2211%22+src%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fbits.wikimedia.org%2Fskins-1.5%2Fcommon%2Fimages%2Fmagnify-clip.png%22+width%3D%2215%22+%2F%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%0D%0APergerakan+lempeng+berdasar+pada+data+satelit+GPS+NASA+%3Ca+class%3D%22external+text%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fsideshow.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fmbh%2Fseries.html%22+rel%3D%22nofollow%22%3EJPL%3C%2Fa%3E.+Vektor+di+sini+menunjukkan+arah+dan+magnitudo+gerakan.%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0AVektor+yang+sebenarnya+pada+pergerakan+sebuah+planet+harusnya+menjadi++fungsi+semua+gaya+yang+bekerja+pada+lempeng+itu.+Namun%2C+masalahnya++adalah+seberapa+besar+setiap+proses+ambil+bagian+dalam+pergerakan+setiap++lempeng+Keragaman+kondisi+geodinamik+dan+sifat+setiap+lempeng++seharusnya+menghasilkan+perbedaan+dalam+seberapa+proses-proses+tersebut++secara+aktif+menggerakkan+lempeng.+satu+cara+untuk+mengatasi+masalah+ini++adalah+dengan+melihat+laju+di+mana+setiap+lempeng+bergerak+dan++mempertimbangkan+bukti+yang+ada+untuk+setiap+kekuatan+penggerak+dari++lempeng+ini+sejauh+mungkin.+Salah+satu+hubungan+terpenting+yang++ditemukandalah+bahwa+lempeng+litosferik+yang+lengket+pada+lempeng+yang++tersubduksi+bergerak+jauh+lebih+cepat+daripada+lempeng+yang+tidak.++Misalnya%2C+Lempeng+Pasifik+dikelilingi+zona+subduksi+%28%3Ci%3E%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRing_of_Fire%22+title%3D%22Ring+of+Fire%22%3ERing+of+Fire%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%29++sehingga+bergerak+jauh+lebih+cepat+daripada+lempeng+di+Atlantik+yang++lengket+pada+benua+yang+berdekatan+dan+bukan+lempeng+tersubduksi.+Maka%2C++gaya+yang+berhubungkan+dengan+lempeng+yang+bergerak+ke+bawah+%28%3Ci%3Eslab+pull%3C%2Fi%3E+dan+%3Ci%3Eslab+suction%3C%2Fi%3E%29++adalah+kekuatan+penggerak+yang+menentukan+pergerakan+lempeng+kecuali++untuk+lempeng+yang+tidak+disubduksikan.+Walau+bagaimanapun+juga%2C++kekuatan+penggerak+pergerakan+lempeng+itu+sendiri+masih+menjadi+bahan++perdebatan+dan+riset+para+ilmu%3Cspan+class%3D%22editsection%22%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22mw-headline%22+id%3D%22Lempeng-lempeng_utama%22%3ELempeng-lempeng+utama%3C%2Fspan%3E%0D%0A%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22thumb+tright%22+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22thumbinner%22+style%3D%22width%3A+352px%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Ca+class%3D%22image%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBerkas%3APlate_tectonics_map.gif%22%3E%3Cimg+alt%3D%22%22+class%3D%22thumbimage%22+height%3D%22229%22+src%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2Fb%2Fb4%2FPlate_tectonics_map.gif%2F350px-Plate_tectonics_map.gif%22+width%3D%22350%22+%2F%3E%3C%2Fa%3E+%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22thumbcaption%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22magnify%22%3E%0D%0A%3Ca+class%3D%22internal%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBerkas%3APlate_tectonics_map.gif%22+title%3D%22Perbesar%22%3E%3Cimg+alt%3D%22%22+height%3D%2211%22+src%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fbits.wikimedia.org%2Fskins-1.5%2Fcommon%2Fimages%2Fmagnify-clip.png%22+width%3D%2215%22+%2F%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%0D%0APeta+lempeng-lempeng+tektonik%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0ALempeng-lempeng+tektonik+utama+yaitu%3A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cul+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3E%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLempeng_Afrika%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Lempeng+Afrika+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3ELempeng+Afrika%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+meliputi+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAfrika%22+title%3D%22Afrika%22%3EAfrika%3C%2Fa%3E+-+Lempeng+benua%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3E%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLempeng_Antarktika%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Lempeng+Antarktika+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3ELempeng+Antarktika%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+meliputi+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAntarktika%22+title%3D%22Antarktika%22%3EAntarktika%3C%2Fa%3E+-+Lempeng+benua%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3E%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLempeng_Australia%22+title%3D%22Lempeng+Australia%22%3ELempeng+Australia%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+meliputi+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAustralia%22+title%3D%22Australia%22%3EAustralia%3C%2Fa%3E+%28tergabung+dengan+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLempeng_India%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Lempeng+India+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3ELempeng+India%3C%2Fa%3E+antara+50+sampai+55+juta+tahun+yang+lalu%29-+Lempeng+benua%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLempeng_Eurasia%22+title%3D%22Lempeng+Eurasia%22%3ELempeng+Eurasia%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+meliputi+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAsia%22+title%3D%22Asia%22%3EAsia%3C%2Fa%3E+dan+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEropa%22+title%3D%22Eropa%22%3EEropa%3C%2Fa%3E+-+Lempeng+benua%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLempeng_Amerika_Utara%22+title%3D%22Lempeng+Amerika+Utara%22%3ELempeng+Amerika+Utara%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+meliputi+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAmerika_Utara%22+title%3D%22Amerika+Utara%22%3EAmerika+Utara%3C%2Fa%3E+dan+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSiberia%22+title%3D%22Siberia%22%3ESiberia%3C%2Fa%3E+timur+laut+-+Lempeng+benua%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3E%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLempeng_Amerika_Selatan%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Lempeng+Amerika+Selatan+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3ELempeng+Amerika+Selatan%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+meliputi+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAmerika_Selatan%22+title%3D%22Amerika+Selatan%22%3EAmerika+Selatan%3C%2Fa%3E+-+Lempeng+benua%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLempeng_Pasifik%22+title%3D%22Lempeng+Pasifik%22%3ELempeng+Pasifik%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+meliputi+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSamudera_Pasifik%22+title%3D%22Samudera+Pasifik%22%3ESamudera+Pasifik%3C%2Fa%3E+-+Lempeng+samudera%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Ful%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0ALempeng-lempeng+penting+lain+yang+lebih+kecil+mencakup+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLempeng_India%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Lempeng+India+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3ELempeng+India%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLempeng_Arabia%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Lempeng+Arabia+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3ELempeng+Arabia%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLempeng_Karibia%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Lempeng+Karibia+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3ELempeng+Karibia%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLempeng_Juan_de_Fuca%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Lempeng+Juan+de+Fuca+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3ELempeng+Juan+de+Fuca%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLempeng_Cocos%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Lempeng+Cocos+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3ELempeng+Cocos%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLempeng_Nazca%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Lempeng+Nazca+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3ELempeng+Nazca%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLempeng_Filipina%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Lempeng+Filipina+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3ELempeng+Filipina%3C%2Fa%3E%2C+dan+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLempeng_Scotia%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Lempeng+Scotia+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3ELempeng+Scotia%3C%2Fa%3E.%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0APergerakan+lempeng+telah+menyebabkan+pembentukan+dan+pemecahan+benua++seiring+berjalannya+waktu%2C+termasuk+juga+pembentukan+superkontinen+yang++mencakup+hampir+semua+atau+semua+benua.+Superkontinen+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRodinia%22+title%3D%22Rodinia%22%3ERodinia%3C%2Fa%3E++diperkirakan+terbentuk+1+miliar+tahun+yang+lalu+dan+mencakup+hampir++semua+atau+semua+benua+di+Bumi+dan+terpecah+menjadi+delapan+benua++sekitar+600+juta+tahun+yang+lalu.+Delapan+benua+ini+selanjutnya+tersusun++kembali+menjadi+superkontinen+lain+yang+disebut+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPangaea%22+title%3D%22Pangaea%22%3EPangaea%3C%2Fa%3E+yang+pada+akhirnya+juga+terpecah+menjadi+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLaurasia%22+title%3D%22Laurasia%22%3ELaurasia%3C%2Fa%3E+%28yang+menjadi+Amerika+Utara+dan+Eurasia%29%2C+dan+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGondwana%22+title%3D%22Gondwana%22%3EGondwana%3C%2Fa%3E+%28yang+menjadi+benua+sisanya%29%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Ch2+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+class%3D%22editsection%22%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22mw-headline%22+id%3D%22Rujukan%22%3ERujukan%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fh2%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22reflist4%22+style%3D%22height%3A+300px%3B+overflow%3A+auto%3B+text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22references-small+references-column-count+references-column-count-2%22+style%3D%22-moz-column-count%3A+2%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Col+class%3D%22references%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-0%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-0%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22citation+book%22%3ERead+HH%2C+Watson+Janet+%281975%29.+%3Ci%3EIntroduction+to+Geology%3C%2Fi%3E.+New+York%3A+Halsted.+hlm.%26nbsp%3B13-15.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22Z3988%22+title%3D%22ctx_ver%3DZ39.88-2004%26amp%3Brft_val_fmt%3Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Abook%26amp%3Brft.genre%3Dbook%26amp%3Brft.btitle%3DIntroduction%2Bto%2BGeology%26amp%3Brft.aulast%3DRead%2BHH%252C%2BWatson%2BJanet%26amp%3Brft.au%3DRead%2BHH%252C%2BWatson%2BJanet%26amp%3Brft.date%3D1975%26amp%3Brft.pages%3Dhlm.%2526nbsp%253B13-15%26amp%3Brft.place%3DNew%2BYork%26amp%3Brft.pub%3DHalsted%26amp%3Brfr_id%3Dinfo%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATektonika_lempeng%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3A+none%3B%22%3E%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-1%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-1%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22citation+book%22%3EKious+WJ%2C+Tilling+RI.+%3Ca+class%3D%22external+text%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fgip%2Fdynamic%2Fhistorical.html%22+rel%3D%22nofollow%22%3E%22Historical+perspective%22%3C%2Fa%3E.+%3Ca+class%3D%22external+text%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fgip%2Fdynamic%2Fdynamic.html%22+rel%3D%22nofollow%22%3E%3Ci%3EThis+Dynamic+Earth%3A+the+Story+of+Plate+Tectonics%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fa%3E+%28edisi+ke-Online+edition%29.+U.S.+Geological+Survey.+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInternational_Standard_Book_Number%22+title%3D%22International+Standard+Book+Number%22%3EISBN%3C%2Fa%3E+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIstimewa%3ASumber_buku%2F0160482208%22+title%3D%22Istimewa%3ASumber+buku%2F0160482208%22%3E0160482208%3C%2Fa%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22printonly%22%3E.+%3Ca+class%3D%22external+free%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fgip%2Fdynamic%2Fhistorical.html%22+rel%3D%22nofollow%22%3Ehttp%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fgip%2Fdynamic%2Fhistorical.html%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22reference-accessdate%22%3E.+Diakses+pada+2008-01-29%3C%2Fspan%3E.+%22%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAbraham_Ortelius%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Abraham+Ortelius+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3EAbraham+Ortelius%3C%2Fa%3E++in+his+work+Thesaurus+Geographicus+...+suggested+that+the+Americas+were++%22torn+away+from+Europe+and+Africa+...+by+earthquakes+and+floods+...+The++vestiges+of+the+rupture+reveal+themselves%2C+if+someone+brings+forward+a++map+of+the+world+and+considers+carefully+the+coasts+of+the+three++%5Bcontinents%5D.%22%22%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22Z3988%22+title%3D%22ctx_ver%3DZ39.88-2004%26amp%3Brft_val_fmt%3Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Abook%26amp%3Brft.genre%3Dbookitem%26amp%3Brft.btitle%3DHistorical%2Bperspective%26amp%3Brft.atitle%3DThis%2BDynamic%2BEarth%253A%2Bthe%2BStory%2Bof%2BPlate%2BTectonics%26amp%3Brft.aulast%3DKious%2BWJ%252C%2BTilling%2BRI%26amp%3Brft.au%3DKious%2BWJ%252C%2BTilling%2BRI%26amp%3Brft.edition%3DOnline%2Bedition%26amp%3Brft.pub%3DU.S.%2BGeological%2BSurvey%26amp%3Brft.isbn%3D0160482208%26amp%3Brft_id%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fpubs.usgs.gov%252Fgip%252Fdynamic%252Fdynamic.html%26amp%3Brfr_id%3Dinfo%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATektonika_lempeng%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3A+none%3B%22%3E%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-Frankel-2%22%3E%3Cb%3E%5E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-Frankel_2-0%22%3E%3Csup%3Ea%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fa%3E+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-Frankel_2-1%22%3E%3Csup%3Eb%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fa%3E+%3Ccite+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3EFrankel+Henry+%281978-07%29.+%3Ca+class%3D%22external+text%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fpss%2F4025726%22+rel%3D%22nofollow%22%3E%22Arthur+Holmes+and+Continental+Drift%22%3C%2Fa%3E.+%3Ci%3EThe+British+Journal+for+the+History+of+Science%3C%2Fi%3E+%3Cb%3E11%3C%2Fb%3E+%282%29%3A+130%E2%80%93150.%3C%2Fcite%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-3%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-3%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22citation+book%22%3EJoly+J+%281909%29.+%3Ci%3ERadioactivity+and+Geology%3A+An+Account+of+the+Influence+of+Radioactive+Energy+on+Terrestrial+History%3C%2Fi%3E.+London%3A+Archibald+Constable.+hlm.%26nbsp%3B36.+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInternational_Standard_Book_Number%22+title%3D%22International+Standard+Book+Number%22%3EISBN%3C%2Fa%3E+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIstimewa%3ASumber_buku%2F1402135777%22+title%3D%22Istimewa%3ASumber+buku%2F1402135777%22%3E1402135777%3C%2Fa%3E.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22Z3988%22+title%3D%22ctx_ver%3DZ39.88-2004%26amp%3Brft_val_fmt%3Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Abook%26amp%3Brft.genre%3Dbook%26amp%3Brft.btitle%3DRadioactivity%2Band%2BGeology%253A%2BAn%2BAccount%2Bof%2Bthe%2BInfluence%2Bof%2BRadioactive%2BEnergy%2Bon%2BTerrestrial%2BHistory%26amp%3Brft.aulast%3DJoly%2BJ%26amp%3Brft.au%3DJoly%2BJ%26amp%3Brft.date%3D1909%26amp%3Brft.pages%3Dhlm.%2526nbsp%253B36%26amp%3Brft.place%3DLondon%26amp%3Brft.pub%3DArchibald%2BConstable%26amp%3Brft.isbn%3D1402135777%26amp%3Brfr_id%3Dinfo%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATektonika_lempeng%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3A+none%3B%22%3E%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-4%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-4%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Ccite+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3EThomson+W+%281863%29.++%22On+the+secular+cooling+of+the+earth%22.+%3Ci%3EPhilosophical+Magazine%3C%2Fi%3E+%3Cb%3E4%3C%2Fb%3E+%2825%29%3A+1%E2%80%9314.+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDigital_object_identifier%22+title%3D%22Digital+object+identifier%22%3EDOI%3C%2Fa%3E%3A%3Ca+class%3D%22external+text%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F14786435908238225%22+rel%3D%22nofollow%22%3E10.1080%2F14786435908238225%3C%2Fa%3E.%3C%2Fcite%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-5%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-5%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Ccite+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3EHughes+Patrick.+%3Ca+class%3D%22external+text%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FLibrary%2FGiants%2FWegener%2Fwegener_2.html%22+rel%3D%22nofollow%22%3EAlfred+Wegener+%281880-1930%29%3A+A+Geographic+Jigsaw+Puzzle%3C%2Fa%3E.+%3Ci%3EOn+the+Shoulders+of+Giants%3C%2Fi%3E.++Earth+Observatory%2C+NASA.+Diakses+pada+26+Desember+2007.++Kutipan%3A+...++on+January+6%2C+1912%2C+Wegener+...+proposed+instead+a+grand+vision+of++drifting+continents+and+widening+seas+to+explain+the+evolution+of++Earth%27s+geography..%3C%2Fcite%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-6%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-6%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22citation+book%22%3EAlfred+Wegener+%2823+Oktober+1966%29.+%3Ci%3EThe+Origin+of+Continents+and+Oceans%3C%2Fi%3E.+Courier+Dover.+hlm.%26nbsp%3B246.+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInternational_Standard_Book_Number%22+title%3D%22International+Standard+Book+Number%22%3EISBN%3C%2Fa%3E+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIstimewa%3ASumber_buku%2F0486617084%22+title%3D%22Istimewa%3ASumber+buku%2F0486617084%22%3E0486617084%3C%2Fa%3E.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22Z3988%22+title%3D%22ctx_ver%3DZ39.88-2004%26amp%3Brft_val_fmt%3Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Abook%26amp%3Brft.genre%3Dbook%26amp%3Brft.btitle%3DThe%2BOrigin%2Bof%2BContinents%2Band%2BOceans%26amp%3Brft.aulast%3DAlfred%2BWegener%26amp%3Brft.au%3DAlfred%2BWegener%26amp%3Brft.date%3D23%2BOktober%2B1966%26amp%3Brft.pages%3Dhlm.%2526nbsp%253B246%26amp%3Brft.pub%3DCourier%2BDover%26amp%3Brft.isbn%3D0486617084%26amp%3Brfr_id%3Dinfo%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATektonika_lempeng%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3A+none%3B%22%3E%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-7%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-7%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Ccite+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3EHughes+Patrick.+%3Ca+class%3D%22external+text%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FLibrary%2FGiants%2FWegener%2Fwegener_4.html%22+rel%3D%22nofollow%22%3EAlfred+Wegener+%281880-1930%29%3A+The+Origin+of+Continents+and+Oceans%3C%2Fa%3E.+%3Ci%3EOn+the+Shoulders+of+Giants%3C%2Fi%3E.++Earth+Observatory%2C+NASA.+Diakses+pada+26+Desember+2007.++Kutipan%3A+By++his+third+edition+%281922%29%2C+Wegener+was+citing+geological+evidence+that++some+300+million+years+ago+all+the+continents+had+been+joined+in+a++supercontinent+stretching+from+pole+to+pole.+He+called+it+Pangaea+%28all++lands%29%2C+....%3C%2Fcite%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-8%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-8%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Ccite+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3EHolmes+Arthur+%281928%29.++%22Radioactivity+and+Earth+Movements%22.+%3Ci%3ETransactions+of+the+Geological+Society+of+Glasgow%3C%2Fi%3E+%3Cb%3E18%3C%2Fb%3E%3A+559%E2%80%93606.%3C%2Fcite%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-9%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-9%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22citation+book%22%3EHolmes+Arthur+%281978%29.+%3Ci%3EPrinciples+of+Physical+Geology%3C%2Fi%3E+%28edisi+ke-3rd%29.+Wiley.+hlm.%26nbsp%3B640-641.+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInternational_Standard_Book_Number%22+title%3D%22International+Standard+Book+Number%22%3EISBN%3C%2Fa%3E+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIstimewa%3ASumber_buku%2F0471072516%22+title%3D%22Istimewa%3ASumber+buku%2F0471072516%22%3E0471072516%3C%2Fa%3E.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22Z3988%22+title%3D%22ctx_ver%3DZ39.88-2004%26amp%3Brft_val_fmt%3Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Abook%26amp%3Brft.genre%3Dbook%26amp%3Brft.btitle%3DPrinciples%2Bof%2BPhysical%2BGeology%26amp%3Brft.aulast%3DHolmes%2BArthur%26amp%3Brft.au%3DHolmes%2BArthur%26amp%3Brft.date%3D1978%26amp%3Brft.pages%3Dhlm.%2526nbsp%253B640-641%26amp%3Brft.edition%3D3rd%26amp%3Brft.pub%3DWiley%26amp%3Brft.isbn%3D0471072516%26amp%3Brfr_id%3Dinfo%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATektonika_lempeng%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3A+none%3B%22%3E%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-10%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-10%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E++1958%3A+The+tectonic+approach+to+continental+drift.+In%3A+S.+W.+Carey++%28ed.%29%3A+Continental+Drift%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+A+Symposium.+University+of+Tasmania%2C+Hobart%2C++177-363+%28expanding+Earth+from+p.+311+to+p.+349%29%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-11%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-11%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Ccite+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3EKorgen+Ben+J+%281995%29.+%3Ca+class%3D%22external+text%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tos.org%2Foceanography%2Fissues%2Fissue_archive%2Fissue_pdfs%2F8_1%2F8.1_korgen.pdf%22+rel%3D%22nofollow%22%3E%22A+Voice+From+the+Past%3A+John+Lyman+and+the+Plate+Tectonics+Story%22%3C%2Fa%3E+%28PDF%29.+%3Ci%3EOceanography%3C%2Fi%3E+%3Cb%3E8%3C%2Fb%3E+%281%29%3A+19%E2%80%9320.%3C%2Fcite%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-12%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-12%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Ccite+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3ESpiess+Fred%2C+Kuperman+William+%282003%29.+%3Ca+class%3D%22external+text%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tos.org%2Foceanography%2Fissues%2Fissue_archive%2Fissue_pdfs%2F16_3%2F16.3_spiess.pdf%22+rel%3D%22nofollow%22%3E%22The+Marine+Physical+Laboratory+at+Scripps%22%3C%2Fa%3E+%28PDF%29.+%3Ci%3EOceanography%3C%2Fi%3E+%3Cb%3E16%3C%2Fb%3E+%283%29%3A+45%E2%80%9354.%3C%2Fcite%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-13%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-13%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Ccite+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3EMason+RG%2C+Raff+AD+%281961%29.++%22Magnetic+survey+off+the+west+coast+of+the+United+States+between+32%C2%B0N+latitude+and+42%C2%B0N+latitude%22.+%3Ci%3EBulletin+of+the+Geological+Society+of+America%3C%2Fi%3E+%3Cb%3E72%3C%2Fb%3E%3A+1259%E2%80%931266.+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDigital_object_identifier%22+title%3D%22Digital+object+identifier%22%3EDOI%3C%2Fa%3E%3A%3Ca+class%3D%22external+text%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1130%2F0016-7606%25281961%252972%22+rel%3D%22nofollow%22%3E%5B1259%3AMSOTWC%3C%2Fa%3E2.0.CO%3B2+10.1130%2F0016-7606%281961%2972%5B1259%3AMSOTWC%5D2.0.CO%3B2%5D.%3C%2Fcite%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-14%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-14%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Ccite+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3ERaff+AD%2C+Mason+RG+%281961%29.++%22Magnetic+survey+off+the+west+coast+of+the+United+States+between+40%C2%B0N+latitude+and+52%C2%B0N+latitude%22.+%3Ci%3EBulletin+of+the+Geological+Society+of+America%3C%2Fi%3E+%3Cb%3E72%3C%2Fb%3E%3A+1267%E2%80%931270.+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDigital_object_identifier%22+title%3D%22Digital+object+identifier%22%3EDOI%3C%2Fa%3E%3A%3Ca+class%3D%22external+text%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1130%2F0016-7606%25281961%252972%22+rel%3D%22nofollow%22%3E%5B1267%3AMSOTWC%3C%2Fa%3E2.0.CO%3B2+10.1130%2F0016-7606%281961%2972%5B1267%3AMSOTWC%5D2.0.CO%3B2%5D.%3C%2Fcite%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-15%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-15%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Ccite+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3EHuang+Zhen+Shao.+%281997%29.+%3Ca+class%3D%22external+text%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fhypertextbook.com%2Ffacts%2FZhenHuang.shtml%22+rel%3D%22nofollow%22%3ESpeed+of+the+Continental+Plates%3C%2Fa%3E.+%3Ci%3EThe+Physics+Factbook%3C%2Fi%3E.%3C%2Fcite%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-16%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-16%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22citation+book%22%3EHancock%2C+Paul+L%3B+Skinner%2C+Brian+J%3B+Dineley%2C+David+L+%282000%29.+%3Ci%3EThe+Oxford+Companion+to+The+Earth%3C%2Fi%3E.+%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DOxford_University_Press%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Oxford+University+Press+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3EOxford+University+Press%3C%2Fa%3E.+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInternational_Standard_Book_Number%22+title%3D%22International+Standard+Book+Number%22%3EISBN%3C%2Fa%3E+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIstimewa%3ASumber_buku%2F0198540396%22+title%3D%22Istimewa%3ASumber+buku%2F0198540396%22%3E0198540396%3C%2Fa%3E.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22Z3988%22+title%3D%22ctx_ver%3DZ39.88-2004%26amp%3Brft_val_fmt%3Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Abook%26amp%3Brft.genre%3Dbook%26amp%3Brft.btitle%3DThe%2BOxford%2BCompanion%2Bto%2BThe%2BEarth%26amp%3Brft.aulast%3DHancock%26amp%3Brft.aufirst%3DPaul%2BL%26amp%3Brft.au%3DHancock%252C%2526%252332%253BPaul%2BL%26amp%3Brft.au%3DSkinner%252C%2526%252332%253BBrian%2BJ%26amp%3Brft.au%3DDineley%252C%2526%252332%253BDavid%2BL%26amp%3Brft.date%3D2000%26amp%3Brft.pub%3D%255B%255BOxford%2BUniversity%2BPress%255D%255D%26amp%3Brft.isbn%3D0198540396%26amp%3Brfr_id%3Dinfo%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATektonika_lempeng%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3A+none%3B%22%3E%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-newgeo-17%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-newgeo_17-0%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22citation+book%22%3ESchmidt+Victor+A%2C+Harbert+William.+%3Ca+class%3D%22external+text%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fgeoinfo.amu.edu.pl%2Fwpk%2Fpe%2Fa%2Fharbbook%2Fc_iii%2Fchap03.html%22+rel%3D%22nofollow%22%3E%22The+Living+Machine%3A+Plate+Tectonics%22%3C%2Fa%3E.+%3Ca+class%3D%22external+text%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fgeoinfo.amu.edu.pl%2Fwpk%2Fpe%2Fa%2Fharbbook%2Fother%2Fcontents.html%22+rel%3D%22nofollow%22%3E%3Ci%3EPlanet+Earth+and+the+New+Geosciences%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fa%3E+%28edisi+ke-third%29.+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInternational_Standard_Book_Number%22+title%3D%22International+Standard+Book+Number%22%3EISBN%3C%2Fa%3E+%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIstimewa%3ASumber_buku%2F0787242969%22+title%3D%22Istimewa%3ASumber+buku%2F0787242969%22%3E0787242969%3C%2Fa%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22printonly%22%3E.+%3Ca+class%3D%22external+free%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fgeoinfo.amu.edu.pl%2Fwpk%2Fpe%2Fa%2Fharbbook%2Fc_iii%2Fchap03.html%22+rel%3D%22nofollow%22%3Ehttp%3A%2F%2Fgeoinfo.amu.edu.pl%2Fwpk%2Fpe%2Fa%2Fharbbook%2Fc_iii%2Fchap03.html%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22reference-accessdate%22%3E.+Diakses+pada+2008-01-28%3C%2Fspan%3E.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22Z3988%22+title%3D%22ctx_ver%3DZ39.88-2004%26amp%3Brft_val_fmt%3Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Abook%26amp%3Brft.genre%3Dbookitem%26amp%3Brft.btitle%3DThe%2BLiving%2BMachine%253A%2BPlate%2BTectonics%26amp%3Brft.atitle%3DPlanet%2BEarth%2Band%2Bthe%2BNew%2BGeosciences%26amp%3Brft.aulast%3DSchmidt%2BVictor%2BA%252C%2BHarbert%2BWilliam%26amp%3Brft.au%3DSchmidt%2BVictor%2BA%252C%2BHarbert%2BWilliam%26amp%3Brft.edition%3Dthird%26amp%3Brft.isbn%3D0787242969%26amp%3Brft_id%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fgeoinfo.amu.edu.pl%252Fwpk%252Fpe%252Fa%252Fharbbook%252Fother%252Fcontents.html%26amp%3Brfr_id%3Dinfo%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATektonika_lempeng%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3A+none%3B%22%3E%26nbsp%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-18%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-18%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Ccite+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3EPedro+Mendia-Landa.+%3Ca+class%3D%22external+text%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fynhti%2Fcurriculum%2Funits%2F2007%2F4%2F07.04.13.x.html%22+rel%3D%22nofollow%22%3EMyths+and+Legends+on+Natural+Disasters%3A+Making+Sense+of+Our+World%3C%2Fa%3E.+Diakses+pada+5+Februari+2008.%3C%2Fcite%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-19%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-19%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Ccite+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3ETanimoto+Toshiro%2C+Lay+Thorne+%282000-11-07%29.++%22Mantle+dynamics+and+seismic+tomography%22.+%3Ci%3EProceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Science%3C%2Fi%3E+%3Cb%3E97%3C%2Fb%3E+%2823%29%3A+12409%E2%80%9312410.+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDigital_object_identifier%22+title%3D%22Digital+object+identifier%22%3EDOI%3C%2Fa%3E%3A%3Ca+class%3D%22external+text%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.210382197%22+rel%3D%22nofollow%22%3E10.1073%2Fpnas.210382197%3C%2Fa%3E.%3C%2Fcite%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-20%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-20%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Ccite+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3EConrad+CP%2C+Lithgow-Bertelloni+C+%282002%29.++%22How+Mantle+Slabs+Drive+Plate+Tectonics%22.+%3Ci%3EScience%3C%2Fi%3E+%3Cb%3E298%3C%2Fb%3E+%285591%29%3A+L45.+%3Ca+class%3D%22mw-redirect%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDigital_object_identifier%22+title%3D%22Digital+object+identifier%22%3EDOI%3C%2Fa%3E%3A%3Ca+class%3D%22external+text%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1074161%22+rel%3D%22nofollow%22%3E10.1126%2Fscience.1074161%3C%2Fa%3E.%3C%2Fcite%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3Cli+id%3D%22cite_note-21%22%3E%3Cb%3E%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%23cite_ref-21%22%3E%5E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Ccite+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3ELovett+Richard+A+%282006-01-24%29.+%3Ca+class%3D%22external+text%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2F01%2F0124_060124_moon.html%22+rel%3D%22nofollow%22%3E%22Moon+Is+Dragging+Continents+West%2C+Scientist+Says%22%3C%2Fa%3E.+%3Ci%3ENational+Geographic+News%3C%2Fi%3E.%3C%2Fcite%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fol%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cspan+id%3D%22interwiki-de-fa%22%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+id%3D%22interwiki-eu-fa%22%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+id%3D%22interwiki-hr-fa%22%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+id%3D%22interwiki-nl-fa%22%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+id%3D%22interwiki-pt-fa%22%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+id%3D%22interwiki-ru-fa%22%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+id%3D%22interwiki-sk-fa%22%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22printfooter%22+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0ADiperoleh+dari+%22%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%22%3Ehttp%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTektonika_lempeng%3C%2Fa%3E%22%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+class%3D%22catlinks%22+id%3D%22catlinks%22+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cdiv+id%3D%22mw-normal-catlinks%22%3E%0D%0A%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIstimewa%3ADaftar_kategori%22+title%3D%22Istimewa%3ADaftar+kategori%22%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3Cspan+dir%3D%22ltr%22%3E%3Ca+class%3D%22new%22+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DKategori%3ATeori_geologi%26amp%3Baction%3Dedit%26amp%3Bredlink%3D1%22+title%3D%22Kategori%3ATeori+geologi+%28halaman+belum+tersedia%29%22%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0A
Langganan:
Posting Komentar (Atom)
0 komentar:
Posting Komentar